The impact of urban rain on the changes of bare and artificially patinated bronze during 9-year exposure.

Atmospheric pollutants in the air form acid rain which interacts with bronze surfaces exposed in urban outdoor environment. In this study, different types of patinas on bronze were investigated during and after 9 years of exposure to urban environment in moderately polluted continental city. Natural bronze patina and artificial brown sulphide, green chloride, and green-blue nitrate patinas were investigated. Visual assessment was carried out at defined periods. After 9 years of exposure, an electrochemical study was performed to investigate the electrochemical activity of the patinas in artificial urban rain. Additionally, the patinas were characterised using a variety of techniques, including metallographic examination, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray-photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to analyse the surface morphology, chemical composition, and stratigraphic features of the patinas. Evolution of the patinas was shown to be a result of both, the composition of the acid rain and the hydrophobicity of the patinated surfaces.

Designing Atomic Interface in Sb2 S3 /CdS Heterojunction for Efficient Solar Water Splitting.

In the emerging Sb2 S3 -based solar energy conversion devices, a CdS buffer layer prepared by chemical bath deposition is commonly used to improve the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. However, the cation diffusion at the Sb2 S3 /CdS interface induces detrimental defects but is often overlooked. Designing a stable interface in the Sb2 S3 /CdS heterojunction is essential to achieve high solar energy conversion efficiency. As a proof of concept, this study reports that the modification of the Sb2 S3 /CdS heterojunction with an ultrathin Al2 O3 interlayer effectively suppresses the interfacial defects by preventing the diffusion of Cd2+ cations into the Sb2 S3 layer. As a result, a water-splitting photocathode based on Ag:Sb2 S3 /Al2 O3 /CdS heterojunction achieves a significantly improved half-cell solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 2.78% in a neutral electrolyte, as compared to 1.66% for the control Ag:Sb2 S3 /CdS device. This work demonstrates the importance of designing atomic interfaces and may provide a guideline for the fabrication of high-performance stibnite-type semiconductor-based solar energy conversion devices.

3D-Printed Collagen-Nanocellulose Hybrid Bioscaffolds with Tailored Properties for Tissue Engineering Applications.

Hybrid collagen (Coll) bioscaffolds have emerged as a promising solution for tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine. These innovative bioscaffolds combine the beneficial properties of Coll, an important structural protein of the extracellular matrix, with various other biomaterials to create platforms for long-term cell growth and tissue formation. The integration or cross-linking of Coll with other biomaterials increases mechanical strength and stability and introduces tailored biochemical and physical factors that mimic the natural tissue microenvironment. This work reports on the fabrication of chemically cross-linked hybrid bioscaffolds with enhanced properties from the combination of Coll, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and citric acid (CA). The bioscaffolds were prepared by 3D printing ink containing Coll-NFC-CMC-CA followed by freeze-drying, dehydrothermal treatment, and neutralization. Cross-linking through the formation of ester bonds between the polymers and CA in the bioscaffolds was achieved by exposing the bioscaffolds to elevated temperatures in the dry state. The morphology, pores/porosity, chemical composition, structure, thermal behavior, swelling, degradation, and mechanical properties of the bioscaffolds in the dry and wet states were investigated as a function of Coll concentration. The bioscaffolds showed no cytotoxicity to MG-63 human bone osteosarcoma cells as tested by different assays measuring different end points. Overall, the presented hybrid Coll bioscaffolds offer a unique combination of biocompatibility, stability, and structural support, making them valuable tools for TE.

The Extraction Process, Separation, and Identification of Curcuminoids from Turmeric Curcuma longa.

Turmeric Curcuma longa is a well-known spice with various health benefits, attributed primarily to curcumin. Soxhlet extraction, cold maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and supercritical fluid extraction were performed, and the content of total phenols, proanthocyanidins, and antioxidants was analysed by UV/VIS spectrophotometry. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was employed to identify and quantify the curcumin content. Supercritical extracts had the highest total phenolic content (538.95 mg GA/100 g material), while the Soxhlet extracts had the highest content of proanthocyanidins (4.77 mg PAC/100 g of material). Extracts obtained by UAE and supercritical extraction have the highest antioxidant potential. Antioxidant activity measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) was 64.27% and 1750.32 mg Trolox per g dry weight by 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulphonic acid) (ABTS+•) for the extract obtained by supercritical extraction. The UAE resulted in the highest amount of curcumin (1.91 mg curcumin/g material). A kinetic study showed that extraction yield in supercritical extracts decreased with increasing temperature and that the content of isolated curcumin was inversely proportional to solvent-to-feed ratio (S/F). The present study has confirmed that turmeric is an excellent source of antioxidants, such as curcumin, that play an important role in reducing cellular stress by neutralising free radicals.

Highly Porous Polymer Beads Coated with Nanometer-Thick Metal Oxide Films for Photocatalytic Oxidation of Bisphenol A.

Highly porous metal oxide-polymer nanocomposites are attracting considerable interest due to their unique structural and functional features. A porous polymer matrix brings properties such as high porosity and permeability, while the metal oxide phase adds functionality. For the metal oxide phase to perform its function, it must be fully accessible, and this is possible only at the pore surface, but functioning surfaces require controlled engineering, which remains a challenge. Here, highly porous nanocomposite beads based on thin metal oxide nanocoatings and polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) are demonstrated. By leveraging the unique properties of polyHIPEs, i.e., a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected network of macropores, and high-precision of the atomic-layer-deposition technique (ALD), we were able to homogeneously coat the entire surface of the pores in polyHIPE beads with TiO2-, ZnO-, and Al2O3-based nanocoatings. Parameters such as nanocoating thickness, growth per cycle (GPC), and metal oxide (MO) composition were systematically controlled by varying the number of deposition cycles and dosing time under specific process conditions. The combination of polyHIPE structure and ALD technique proved advantageous, as MO-nanocoatings with thicknesses between 11 ± 3 and 40 ± 9 nm for TiO2 or 31 ± 6 and 74 ± 28 nm for ZnO and Al2O3, respectively, were successfully fabricated. It has been shown that the number of ALD cycles affects both the thickness and crystallinity of the MO nanocoatings. Finally, the potential of ALD-derived TiO2-polyHIPE beads in photocatalytic oxidation of an aqueous bisphenol A (BPA) solution was demonstrated. The beads exhibited about five times higher activity than nanocomposite beads prepared by the conventional (Pickering) method. Such ALD-derived polyHIPE nanocomposites could find wide application in nanotechnology, sensor development, or catalysis.

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review.

This review paper summarizes the research published in the last five years on using different compounds and/or materials as modifiers for electrodes employed in trace heavy metal analysis. The main groups of modifiers are identified, and their single or combined application on the surface of the electrodes is discussed. Nanomaterials, film-forming substances, and polymers are among the most used compounds employed mainly in the modification of glassy carbon, screen-printed, and carbon paste electrodes. Composites composed of several compounds and/or materials have also found growing interest in the development of modified electrodes. Environmentally friendly substances and natural products (mainly biopolymers and plant extracts) have continued to be included in the modification of electrodes for trace heavy metal analysis. The main analytical performance parameters of the modified electrodes as well as possible interferences affecting the determination of the target analytes, are discussed. Finally, a critical evaluation of the main findings from these studies and an outlook discussing possible improvements in this area of research are presented.

A Rational Design of Isoindigo-Based Conjugated Microporous n-Type Semiconductors for High Electron Mobility and Conductivity.

The development of n-type organic semiconductors has evolved significantly slower in comparison to that of p-type organic semiconductors mainly due to the lack of electron-deficient building blocks with stability and processability. However, to realize a variety of organic optoelectronic devices, high-performance n-type polymer semiconductors are essential. Herein, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) comprising isoindigo acceptor units linked to benzene or pyrene donor units (BI and PI) showing n-type semiconducting behavior are reported. In addition, considering the challenges of deposition of a continuous and homogeneous thin film of CMPs for accurate Hall measurements, a plasma-assisted fabrication technique is developed to yield uniform thin films. The fully conjugated 2D networks in PI- and BI-CMP films display high electron mobility of 6.6 and 3.5 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively. The higher carrier concentration in PI results in high conductivity (5.3 mS cm-1 ). Both experimental and computational studies are adequately combined to investigate structure-property relations for this intriguing class of materials in the context of organic electronics.

Study of Chitosan-Stabilized Ti3C2Tx MXene for Ultrasensitive and Interference-Free Detection of Gaseous H2O2.

The development of sensitive, selective, and reliable gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensors operating at room temperature still represents a remaining challenge. In this work, we have investigated and combined the advantageous properties of a two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene material that exhibits a large specific surface area and high surface activity, with favorable conducting and stabilizing properties of chitosan. The MXene-chitosan membrane was deposited on the ferrocyanide-modified screen-printed working carbon electrode, followed by applying poly(acrylic acid) as an electrolyte and accumulation medium for gaseous H2O2. The sensor showed highly sensitive and selective electroanalytical performance for detecting trace concentrations of gaseous H2O2 with a very low detection limit of 4 µg m-3 (4 ppbv), linear response in the studied concentration range of 0.5-30.0 mg m-3, and good reproducibility with an RSD of 1.3%. The applicability of the sensor was demonstrated by point-of-interest detection of gaseous H2O2 during the real hair bleaching process with a 9 and 12% H2O2 solution.

Ex situ bioremediation of diesel fuel-contaminated soil in two different climates.

The petroleum industry is often faced with accidental spills and discharges that pollute valuable natural resources such as soil. The purpose of this study was to assess bioremediation potential of an on-site landfarming unit (LU), a highly economical solution that complies with the zero-waste policy, for bioremediation of the contaminated soil after an actual diesel fuel leakage in a fuel depot. The first aim was to evaluate the effects of different climates on hydrocarbon bioremediation. For this reason, a part of the contaminated soil was moved from the initial location with a sub-Mediterranean climate to an LU at another location with a temperate continental climate. Our results demonstrated that remediation in sub-Mediterranean climate is less effective than the remediation in a temperate continental climate. The second aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different plant species on the microbial population during bioremediation. For that purpose, 365-day monitoring of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) was performed. Our results support the hypothesis that plant-assisted bioremediation can diminish toxic effects of diesel-polluted soil and that the changes in plant species during bioremediation cause changes in the microbial population.

The main objective of this study was to implement a landfarming bioremediation technique after an actual diesel fuel pollution in the sub-Mediterranean climate and diminish toxic effects of pollutants in soil. Since soil bioremediation is performed by soil microorganisms, their communities are primarily affected by the growing vegetation and climatic conditions. For future bioremediation strategies or ex situ approaches, it is crucial to assess the influence of a specific climate on the degradation rate of hydrocarbons in soil and select the most efficient plant species for this purpose.

The use of a novel smartphone testing platform for the development of colorimetric sensor receptors for food spoilage.

This work presents a novel smartphone testing platform for the validation of colorimetric sensor receptors (CSRs) in the form of layers that enables reliable and straightforward determination of their color change in a closed system using a commercially available color sensor. The food-compatible model CSR used for the method development was made of black carrot extract and ethyl cellulose. The colorimetric responses were studied in detail for NH3, dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA) by analyzing changes in the value of the total color difference (ΔE) with the increasing logarithm of the mass concentration (log γ) of the analytes. The method was partially validated for the detection limit (LOD), the limit of quantification, sensitivity, and linear γ range. The fastest reaction times were obtained for the NH3 analyte, while the calculated LOD values were quite similar (1.48 mg L-1 for NH3, 1.55 mg L-1 for DMA, and 1.58 mg L-1 for TMA). The applicability of CSRs was shown for different types of muscle food. Frozen (boneless and skinless) hake fillets were used for additional experimental work in which the color changes of the CSRs were correlated with the values of the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and the total counts of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. The developed testing platform shows great promise for the development of CSRs that define the quality of a broad variety of muscle food.

The development of an electropolymerized, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor for insulin determination using single-drop analysis.

An electrochemical sensor for the detection of insulin in a single drop (50 µL) was developed based on the concept of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP). The synthetic MIP receptors were assembled on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) by the electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) in the presence of insulin (the protein template) using cyclic voltammetry. After electropolymerization, insulin was removed from the formed polypyrrole (Ppy) matrix to create imprinting cavities for the subsequent analysis of the insulin analyte in test samples. The surface characterization, before and after each electrosynthesis step of the MIP sensors, was performed using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The performance of the developed MIP-SPCE sensor was evaluated using a single drop of solution containing K3Fe(CN)6 and the square-wave voltammetry technique. The MIP-SPCE showed a linear concentration range of 20.0-70.0 pM (R2 = 0.9991), a limit of detection of 1.9 pM, and a limit of quantification of 6.2 pM. The rapid response time to the protein target and the portability of the developed sensor, which is considered a disposable MIP-based system, make this MIP-SPCE sensor a promising candidate for point-of-care applications. In addition, the MIP-SPCE sensor was successfully used to detect insulin in a pharmaceutical sample. The sensor was deemed to be accurate (the average recovery was 108.46%) and precise (the relative standard deviation was 7.23%).

Preparation of Food Samples Using Homogenization and Microwave-Assisted Wet Acid Digestion for Multi-Element Determination with ICP-MS.

Sample preparation is crucial for elemental determination, and various techniques are available, one of which involves homogenization followed by acid digestion. Special care is required during sample handling in the preparation stage to eliminate or minimize potential contamination and analyte loss. Homogenization is a process that simultaneously reduces particle size and uniformly distributes sample components. Following homogenization, the sample undergoes acid digestion, wherein it is digested with acids and auxiliary chemicals at elevated temperatures, transforming solid samples into a liquid state. In this process, metals in the original sample react with acids to form water-soluble salts. Samples prepared through acid digestion are suitable for elemental analysis using techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical methods, and other analytical techniques. This work details the preparation of food samples for multi-element determination using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The step-by-step procedure involves the homogenization process using a laboratory-sized mixer with ceramic blades, followed by acid digestion in closed vessels using microwave-assisted wet acid digestion. A mixture of 5.0 mL of 68 wt% HNO3 and 1.0 mL of 30 wt% H2O2 serves as an auxiliary reagent. This guide provides an explanation of the processes involved in both stages.

Synthesis of Poly(ethylene furanoate) Based Nanocomposites by In Situ Polymerization with Enhanced Antibacterial Properties for Food Packaging Applications.

Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF)-based nanocomposites containing Ce-bioglass, ZnO, and ZrO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via in situ polymerization, targeting food packaging applications. The nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized, combining a range of techniques. The successful polymerization was confirmed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and the molecular weight values were determined indirectly by applying intrinsic viscosity measurements. The nanocomposites' structure was investigated by depth profiling using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), while color measurements showed a low-to-moderate increase in the color concentration of all the nanocomposites compared to neat PEF. The thermal properties and crystallinity behavior of the synthesized materials were also examined. The neat PEF and PEF-based nanocomposites show a crystalline fraction of 0-5%, and annealed samples of both PEF and PEF-based nanocomposites exhibit a crystallinity above 20%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed that active agent nanoparticles are well dispersed in the PEF matrix. Contact angle measurements showed that incorporating nanoparticles into the PEF matrix significantly reduces the wetting angle due to increased roughness and introduction of the polar -OH groups. Antimicrobial studies indicated a significant increase in inhibition of bacterial strains of about 9-22% for Gram-positive bacterial strains and 5-16% for Gram-negative bacterial strains in PEF nanocomposite films, respectively. Finally, nanoindentation tests showed that the ZnO-based nanocomposite exhibits improved hardness and elastic modulus values compared to neat PEF.

Natural Hemp-Ginger Extract and Its Biological and Therapeutic Efficacy.

The prevention and treatment of skin diseases remains a major challenge in medicine. The search for natural active ingredients that can be used to prevent the development of the disease and complement treatment is on the rise. Natural extracts of ginger and hemp offer a wide range of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study evaluates the effectiveness of hemp and ginger extract as a supportive treatment for skin diseases. It reports a synergistic effect of hemp and ginger extract. The contents of cannabinoids and components of ginger are determined, with the highest being CBD (587.17 ± 8.32 µg/g) and 6-gingerol (60.07 ± 0.40 µg/g). The minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus (156.5 µg/mL), Escherichia coli (625.2 µg/mL) and Candida albicans (78.3 µg/mL) was also analyzed. Analysis of WM-266-4 cells revealed the greatest decrease in metabolic activity in cells exposed to the extract at a concentration of 1.00 µg/mL. Regarding the expression of genes associated with cellular processes, melanoma aggressiveness, resistance and cell survival, a significant difference was found in the expression of ABCB5, CAV1 and S100A9 compared with the control (cells not exposed to the extract).

Graphene-Derived Carbon Support Boosts Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Stability.

The lack of efficient and durable proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction is still restraining the present hydrogen technology. Graphene-based carbon materials have emerged as a potential solution to replace the existing carbon black (CB) supports; however, their potential was never fully exploited as a commercial solution because of their more demanding properties. Here, a unique and industrially scalable synthesis of platinum-based electrocatalysts on graphene derivative (GD) supports is presented. With an innovative approach, highly homogeneous as well as high metal loaded platinum-alloy (up to 60 wt %) intermetallic catalysts on GDs are achieved. Accelerated degradation tests show enhanced durability when compared to the CB-supported analogues including the commercial benchmark. Additionally, in combination with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Auger characterization and Raman spectroscopy, a clear connection between the sp 2 content and structural defects in carbon materials with the catalyst durability is observed. Advanced gas diffusion electrode results show that the GD-supported catalysts exhibit excellent mass activities and possess the properties necessary to reach high currents if utilized correctly. We show record-high peak power densities in comparison to the prior best literature on platinum-based GD-supported materials which is promising information for future application.

Supercritical Fluid Technologies for the Incorporation of Synthetic and Natural Active Compounds into Materials for Drug Formulation and Delivery.

Various active compounds isolated from natural sources exhibit remarkable benefits, making them attractive for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, which contribute to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, various types of cancer, diabetes, and obesity. However, their major drawbacks are their reactivity, instability, relatively poor water solubility, and consequently low bioavailability. Synthetic drugs often face similar challenges associated with inadequate solubility or burst release in gastrointestinal media, despite being otherwise a safe and effective option for the treatment of numerous diseases. Therefore, drug-eluting pharmaceutical formulations have been of great importance over the years in efforts to improve the bioavailability of active compounds by increasing their solubility and achieving their controlled release in body media. This review highlights the success of the fabrication of micro- and nanoformulations using environmentally friendly supercritical fluid technologies for the processing and incorporation of active compounds. Several novel approaches, namely micronization to produce micro- and nano-sized particles, supercritical drying to produce aerogels, supercritical foaming, and supercritical solvent impregnation, are described in detail, along with the currently available drug delivery data for these formulations.

Improving Electroactivity of N-Doped Graphene Derivatives with Electrical Induction Heating.

Graphene derivatives doped with nitrogen have already been identified as active non-noble metal materials for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in PEM and alkaline fuel cells. However, an efficient and scalable method to prepare active, stable, and high-surface-area non-noble metal catalysts remains a challenge. Therefore, an efficient, potentially scalable strategy to improve the specific surface area of N-doped graphene derivatives needs to be developed. Here, we report a novel, rapid, and scalable electrical induction heating method for the preparation of N-doped heat-treated graphene oxide derivatives (N-htGOD) with a high specific surface area. The application of the induction heating method has been shown to shorten the reaction time and improve the energy efficiency of the process. The materials synthesized by induction heating exhibited very high specific surface area and showed improved ORR activity compared to the conventional synthesis method. Moreover, we demonstrated that the temperature program of induction heating could fine-tune the concentration of nitrogen functionalities. In particular, the graphitic-N configuration increases with increasing final temperature, in parallel with the increasing ORR activity. The presented results will contribute to the understanding and development of nonmetal N-htGOD for energy storage and conversion applications.

The Effect of Preconditioning Strategies on the Adsorption of Model Proteins onto Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes.

The preconditioning and modification of the supporting electrode surface is an essential step in every biosensor architecture. In particular, when using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) as inexpensive and convenient disposable sensor substrates, their somewhat lower electrochemical (surface) reproducibility might represent a complex hurdle. Herein, we investigated the effect of selected preconditioning strategies, such as cyclic voltammetric pretreatment, in H2SO4 and H2O2 and plasma pretreatment with a positive and negative glow discharge, which all improved the electrochemical stability of the unmodified SPEs. Furthermore, we studied the influence of preconditioning strategies on the adsorption kinetics of the two most commonly used building blocks for biosensor preparation, i.e., bovine serum albumin (BSA) and protein A. We observed an advantageous effect of all the examined preconditioning strategies for the modification of SPEs with protein A, being the most effective the negative glow discharge. On the other hand, BSA exhibited a more complex adsorption behavior, with the negative glow discharge as the only generally beneficial preconditioning strategy providing the highest electrochemical stability. Protein A revealed a more substantial impact on the electrochemical signal attenuation than BSA considering their same concentrations in the modification solutions. For both BSA and protein A, we showed that the concentrations of 5 and 10 µg mL-1 already suffice for an electrochemically satisfactorily stable electrode surface after 60 min of incubation time, except for BSA at the positive-plasma-treated electrode.